Reviewed Research
The Marginalisation of Fathers
Marginalisation is the treatment of a person, or group of people, as insignificant or peripheral, causing them to feel isolated, unimportant or excluded. Marginalisation has deleterious effects on health service access and use, and on health outcomes.
There are not many circumstances in which men are marginalised, but when it comes to healthcare services for fertility and reproduction, they are.
Men commonly report feeling ignored or excluded by health service providers when accessing services with their partners for fertility problems or prenatal care, or during labour and childbirth1.
Of course, it’s not only men who can be marginalised by infertility and reproductive healthcare service providers.
Females accompanying their pregnant partners to antenatal care appointments can have the same experiences as their male counterparts2. (The term ‘father’ in this article refers to any parent who isn’t the one giving birth).
The marginalisation of fathers (or prospective fathers) affects not only them, but also their partners and children.
It misses opportunities to capitalise on the benefits of engaged and active fathers, which include better pregnancy outcomes, enhanced maternal and child health, and improved family function3.
Language Matters
There’s more to language than just words. The ways in which words are spoken, the environment and other circumstances, affect the message that is received.
In the context of healthcare, eye contact and the time taken to deliver a message are critical for helping people to feel welcome, valued and involved.
The language used by health professionals and service providers influences fathers’ engagement during critical stages of their family members’ lives. Language can thereby influence preparation for fatherhood and fathers’ behaviour.
Talking to Dads
When it comes to communicating, it pays to know your audience. Not all fathers will be the same, but men generally appreciate a frank approach when it comes to receiving information from health professionals, and they value communication that displays empathy, expertise and competency, and which focuses on how to achieve desired outcomes4.
Unfortunately, in the context of pregnancy, childbirth and raising children, the term ‘parent’ is often equated with ‘mother’, likely due to historical gender biases in these situations. Gender neutral language can help to include some non-birthing parents, but might exclude men who do not identify with it.
Deliberate use of words like ‘men’, ‘dads’ and ‘fathers’ can increase men’s engagement with parenting services5.
Listening to dads is important too; to understand how they’re coping with the changes and challenges associated with fatherhood. Men’s descriptions of themselves as ‘useless’, ‘worthless’ or ‘over it’ should ring alarm bells and prompt investigation of fathers’ mental health6.
The Transition to Fatherhood
Becoming a parent results in a profound change in the lives of most people. The first steps they take in their new role can determine the course of their journey ahead.
Fathers can be helped to take on their new role from a position of confidence and optimism, by father-inclusive practice that includes intentional and specific communication with them7.
Healthy Male’s Plus Paternal project has produced ‘Talking with Dads’ to help health professionals communicate effectively with fathers. The resource is available here.
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